SHEET A-07 / CITATION SCHEDULE
BPC-157 TB-500 References and Sources
Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to one of the entries below — the peer-reviewed component literature, the 2025-2026 systematic reviews, and the FDA regulatory record.
How this schedule is organized
This is the citation schedule for the Wolverine blend digest. Entries 1-7 are the peer-reviewed single-component literature for BPC-157 and TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4. Entries 8-10 are the 2025-2026 systematic and narrative reviews that bound the evidence and the safety picture. Entries 11-13 are the FDA regulatory sources behind the Wolverine legal status and 503A compounding page.
The blend has no combination literature of its own — that absence is itself the central finding [8]. Each numbered marker across the Wolverine blend research summary, the angiogenesis page, the dosage schedule, and the FAQ points back to one of these entries. The full list, with DOIs and PubMed or FDA URLs, is below.
- Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
- Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
- Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
- Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
- Hsieh MJ, et al. Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Sci Rep. 2020;10:17078. ↗
- Philp D, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(2):113-115. ↗
- Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4(9):733-738. ↗
- Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. (36 studies, 35 preclinical and 1 human; no clinical safety data; no mention of TB-500 or combination use.) ↗
- Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
- Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. (Human data limited to three pilot studies; considered investigational.) ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (Category 2 entries for BPC-157 and "Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500"; effective with the September 29, 2023 list update. Verified 2026-05-29.) ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (Definitions of Category 1 and Category 2; 503A/503B framework; January 7, 2025 interim-policy change. Verified 2026-05-29.) ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. (Agenda lists BPC-157 and TB-500 among bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A bulks list; a scheduled discussion, not a decision. Verified 2026-05-29.) ↗